DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders

DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders Addiction Drug Use Print DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 05, 2019 GP Kidd / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, often called the DSM-V or DSM 5, is the latest version of the American Psychiatric Association’s gold-standard text on the names, symptoms, and diagnostic features of every recognized mental illnessâ€"including addictions. The DSM 5 criteria for substance use disorders are based on decades of research and clinical knowledge. This edition was published in May 2013, nearly 20 years after the original publication of the previous edition, the DSM-IV, in 1994. Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin   What Are Substance Use Disorders? The DSM 5 recognizes substance-related disorders resulting from the use of 10 separate classes of drugs: alcohol; caffeine; cannabis; hallucinogens (phencyclidine or similarly acting arylcyclohexylamines, and other hallucinogens, such as LSD); inhalants; opioids; sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics; stimulants (including amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, and other stimulants); tobacco; and other or unknown substances. Therefore, while some major groupings of psychoactive substances are specifically identified, the use of other or unknown substances can also form the basis of a substance-related or addictive disorder. The activation of the brain’s reward system is central to problems arising from drug use; the rewarding feeling that people experience as a result of taking drugs may be so profound that they neglect other normal activities in favor of taking the drug. While the pharmacological mechanisms for each class of drug are different, the activation of the reward system is similar across substances in producing feelings of pleasure or euphoria, which is often referred to as a “high.” The DSM 5 recognizes that people are not all automatically or equally vulnerable to developing substance-related disorders and that some people have lower levels of self-control that predispose them to develop problems if theyre exposed to drugs. There are two groups of substance-related disorders: substance-use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance-use disorders are patterns of symptoms resulting from the use of a substance that you continue to take, despite experiencing problems as a result.?Substance-induced disorders, including intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication-induced mental disorders, are detailed alongside substance use disorders. Criteria for Substance Use Disorders Substance use disorders span a wide variety of problems arising from substance use, and cover 11 different criteria?? : Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than  youre  meant to.Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance  but not managing to.Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance.Cravings and urges to use the substance.Not managing to do what you should at work, home,  or school  because of substance use.Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships.Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use.Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger.Continuing to use, even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance.Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance).Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance. The Severity of Substance Use Disorders The DSM 5 allows clinicians to specify how severe or how much of a problem the substance use disorder is, depending on how many symptoms are identified. Two or three symptoms indicate a mild substance use disorder?? ; four or five symptoms indicate a moderate substance use disorder, and six or more symptoms indicate a severe substance use disorder. Clinicians can also add “in early remission,” “in sustained remission,” “on maintenance therapy,” for certain substances and “in a controlled environment.” Intoxication Substance intoxication, a group of substance-induced disorders, details the symptoms that people experience when they are high from drugs. Disorders of substance intoxication include: Marijuana intoxicationCocaine intoxicationMethamphetamine intoxication (stimulants)Heroin intoxication (opioids)Acid intoxication (other hallucinogen intoxication or acid trip)Substance intoxication delirium Substance/Medication-Induced Mental Disorders Substance/medication-induced mental disorders are mental problems that develop in people who did not have mental health problems before using substances, and include: Substance-induced psychotic disorderSubstance-induced bipolar and related disordersSubstance-induced depressive disordersSubstance-induced anxiety disordersSubstance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disordersSubstance-induced sleep disordersSubstance-induced sexual dysfunctionsSubstance-induced deliriumSubstance-induced neurocognitive disorders A Word From Verywell If you think you might have a substance use disorder or a substance-induced disorder, see your doctor. She may need to refer you to a specialist or an addiction program to ensure that you receive the correct course of treatment. Untreated substance use disorders can be harmful to your health, your relationships, and your life as a whole. They can even be fatal, so get help as early on in the process as possible.

Riley Republic and French Revolution Essay - 607 Words

Graded Assignment Two Revolutions Complete and submit this assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (50 points) The French Revolution began less than two decades after the American Revolution. In many ways, the American experience was an inspiration for the citizens of France. But the people of the two countries had different situations and had different concerns, which influenced the way each revolution began, progressed, and ended. In this assignment you will write an essay that compares and contrasts the two revolutions. In your essay, include information on the economic, political, or social conditions that were present; events that took place as each revolution progressed; and the final outcome of each. Did†¦show more content†¦Along the years they had almost more money than the nobility. The more money they had the more taxes would be raised. The bourgeoisie realized that they had no rights, they were more in quantity, they had more money than the higher classes and they just helped the Americans get their freedom from another country when they didn’t had freedom in their own country. Then they started planning their revolution. The bourgeoisie were not the founders of the country, but were the ones who executed the revolution. The capitalists lead the revolution but didn’t fight in it and the created a new government. Both were fought by discontent lower classes - In France, the peasants rose against the nobles. In America, colonials rose against British royalty. They were successful and created new states - the French monarchy became a Republic and the colonies became the United States. The Reign of Terror - after the monarchy in France had been overthrown, the country entered into chaos. During this time, a mobocracy ruled the nation. This never existed in post-war America, where only aristocrats could vote at the time. After the French Revolution, France became an aggressive state. The French tried to export Republicanism to other parts of Europe. America, on the other hand, tried to remain isolated... Both felt like the common man was being over taxed, the govern bodies were taking personal freedoms away, had a class society. Fortunately, both succeeded in overthrowingShow MoreRelated Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society Essay1831 Words   |  8 PagesPOSTMODERNISM AND CONSUMER SOCIETY 1. introduction The concept of postmodernism has been much misunderstood. Resistance may come from the unfamiliarity of the wide range of work the term covers: the art of Andy Warhol; the music of John Cage and Terry Riley; the novels of William Borroughs, Thomas Pynchon, and Ishmael Reed; and the poetry of John Ashberry (p. 192). 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The Role Of Funding Pre K Education And Why It Will Help...

This White Paper is to discuss the importance of passing the bill H.R.1041, which gives more funding to Pre-K education. It will discuss the importance of funding Pre-K education and why it will help close the educational achievement gap. Throughout studying children in various settings significant research shows that young children’s early learning experiences have long term effects on them. research it has shown that young children’s earliest learning experiences can have powerful long-term effects on their learning and development. (Tavernise2012). Unfortunately, research also shows that most American preschoolers do not have access to quality early learning opportunities (Mead2012) This in return causes significant disparities in†¦show more content†¦The Black-White achievement gap is a critical issue in the American society’s education system. (Riddick2012). Although data surrounding the issue clearly indicates that the racial performance gap exists in areas of standardized tests, graduation rates, dropout rates, and enrollment in continuing education, the reasons for the gap are ambiguous and many factors are correlated with this gap. (Riddick2012). Therefore, presenting a significant challenge in regard to the most effective way to close the gap is starting early and implementing education to children before kindergarten. The Problem There are many Problems with the Pre-K system in place in the U.S today. Many children who need quality pre-K education are still not receiving the experience. Although there are many publicly funded pre-K programs, such as state provided Head Start, there is still service to only about 40 percent of four year old children in these programs and less than 15 percent of three year old’s enrolled to these programs in America (Landry2012). Only 59 percent of the poorest four year old’s and 33 percent of the poorest three year olds attend a pre-K programs (Landry 2012). This is in comparison with children who come from families whom are

Rock ‘N’ Hip, Hop ‘N’ Roll, and the Integration of Music Free Essays

string(64) " have become a dominant feature in the work of several artists\." From bell bottoms to Barbies, every generation has its own distinct trends. While various fads have cropped up in each era, music has always been a key element of culture. Starting in the 1950’s, music became integrated within the American culture as the favored form of expression. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock ‘N’ Hip, Hop ‘N’ Roll, and the Integration of Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now The popular types of music found on the Top 100 lists today however, have changed dramatically since then. What has promoted this obvious change in music choice? While rock ‘n’ roll still holds its own in the music billboards of 2010, the general public now prefers the mechanical sounds of hip hop and pop. So which trends in music and in thought made the rebellious rock ‘n’ roll such a craze in the 1950’s, but not now? Each era has had specific trends, schools of thought and attitudes that have veered them into a specific genre of music. Rockin’ Out Before 1950, the American culture held firm social expectations. Males were expected to enroll into the military or work, and women were expected to stay in the kitchen. America was pulling out of the depression, and wealth and prosperity was not considered a necessity. As the United States prevailed in World War II however, America started to change startlingly. While many people were focused on conforming with their neighbors, the social structure was revolutionized. Soldiers returned, many experiencing traumatic psychological and physical problems. Women who had integrated themselves into the work force now found themselves replaced by returning soldiers. Most importantly, families started experiencing a great deal of economic independence. This increasing affluence gave teenagers a chance to break away from their parents’ lifestyles. Teens started creating their own clothing trends, dance fads, and hairstyles (Cox). As these new fads and styles starting breaking away from social norms, rock ‘n’ roll became the sound of change. Conservative parents viewed rock ‘n’ roll, and the hip gyrations that came with it, as a gift from the devil. Despite their parents protestations however, teenagers idolized musicians like Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Elvis. So what made rock ‘n’ roll the epitome of 1950 culture? Four recording companies-Decca, R. C. A. , Columbia and Capital-had a virtual monopoly over the popular music field in the early 1950’s. This control made rock ‘n’ roll wildly popular, simply because there was no competition (Lewis 47). As the 1950’s went on, their control weakened, yet rock ‘n’ roll still prevailed as the dominant music genre. A contributing factor to its increasing popularity was the lack of musicians being schooled in theory, technique and composition. Rock ‘n’ roll paved a golden road for a small, charismatic group of people. They provided music rapidly to the American public, without having to compose masterpieces rivaling the music of Bach, Liszt and Debussy. Rock ‘n’ roll also created an easy and fun way to express complex emotions through beating rhythms and twisting ostinato patterns. Simon Anderson explains, â€Å"The amplified bass seems to produce a kind of second-level rumble, a subsidiary moaning and groaning, an incantation of the adolescent subculture, where no one really knows or cares how they feel about life. † This â€Å"incantation of the adolescent subculture† spoke to the class, gender and racial conflicts tearing through America at the time. Rock ‘n’ roll introduced the American white culture to black music. Teenagers soon became addicted to the rhythm and blues and rock ‘n’ roll, all of which was black-inspired. The crossing of racial culture helped the disintegration of the color line. Appreciation of black music helped increase recognition of blacks in popular culture (Bertrand). Though the rhythms and beat of rock ‘n’ roll spoke to the carefree teenager life, often the lyrics promoted conventional values and strength in relationships. 83. 4% of songs in 1955 were love ballads in the conversational mode (Carey 723). Most songs told of lovers, yearning for each other in some type of sense. This theme reflects the attitudes of teenagers in the 1950’s, as this was the first generation people were allowed to marry for love. Women had more freedom to travel into the workplace and finally be on equal grounds with their husbands. Husbands did not have to leave their wives for war. Children had more autonomy as parents no longer dictated who and when they were going to love. However, as this freedom was increasingly integrated into American culture over time, the amount of love related songs dramatically dropped. In 1966, only 69. 5% of produced songs were about love and courtship (Carey 723). Rock ‘n’ roll provided the perfect form of expression in the 1950’s. It combined lyrical ties to radical social changes and catchy rhythms unique to its generation. What’s Hip Now? The change tearing through America in the 1950’s persists to this day. 2010 has brought a busier, more materialistic, culture than ever before. The trends of women working outside of the home and increasing teenage autonomy persists. American teenagers are given more discretionary time than ever before in history. Reed Larson studied this continuing trend and explains, â€Å"If we look back over the past 200 years, the most striking historic change in young people’s use of time is that youths spend much less time on labor activities today than they did in America’s agrarian past† (160). Some teenagers use this newfound source of time dedicated to structured voluntary activities such as sports, theatre, work, etc. others dedicate escalating amounts of time to mind-numbing entertainment. And with hundreds of new forms of mass media, it is hard to not get caught up in the technology tornado sweeping through the nation. The endless barrage of t. v. , facebook, internet sites, music, iPhone’s and iPod’s, video and computer games can easily overwhelm the distracted teenager. Mass media however, is not promoting enlightening or uplifting ideas or values. Instead, popular music now screams lyrics advocating ridiculous displays of wealth, substance abuse and the need for physical love. Top rated songs like â€Å"Billionaire,† â€Å"Raise Your Glass,† and â€Å"Low† are all examples of this. Misogynistic rap lyrics have become a dominant feature in the work of several artists. You read "Rock ‘N’ Hip, Hop ‘N’ Roll, and the Integration of Music" in category "Essay examples" Often in hip-hop and pop music, â€Å"women serve as mindless props or accessories to be doused with expensive champagne or to shake their half-naked bodies to repetitive beats and sexist lyrics† (Murry 6). In Eminem’s recent hit to â€Å"I Love the Way You Lie,† his last verse reads, â€Å"I’m tired of the games/ I just want her back/ I know I’m a liar/ If she ever tries to f***ing leave again/ I’mma tie her to the bed/ And set the house on fire. Songs like this expressing control over women physically, sexually and emotionally predominate popular culture. How did songs depicting such unrealistic and immoral ideals become the rage in American teenage culture? Perhaps it is hip-hop’s diligent presence in pop culture. For the last two decades, hip-hop has â€Å"prided itself on being misunderstood; it lacks sentimentality and is not easily thwarted by moralizing efforts† (Murray 8). And for the last two decades, American teenagers have prided themselves on being misunderstood, and have not been easily thwarted by moralizing efforts. A mass culture trend has changed communication from the sincerity of face to face conversation to the simplicity of texting and Facebook. This has lead to a decrease in sentimentality and an increase in misunderstandings between people. Moral beliefs practiced by preceding generations have also disappeared. Ethics such as chastity, honesty and virtue have become unfashionable and undesirable. The change in lyrics from conventional love ballads in the 1950’s to the focus on money and sexual prizes reflects the changes in behavior and schools of thought throughout the generations. Lyrical Art The lyrics found in any genre of music influences the emotions of the listener (Krumhans 45). Martina McBride’s pop hit â€Å"Concrete Angel† is a fantastic example of emotion correlating with song lyrics. The heart-wrenching song tells the story of an little girl who is killed because of physical abuse in her home. The chorus reads, â€Å"Through the wind and the rain she stands hard as a stone/ In a world that she can’t rise above/ But her dreams give her wings and she flies to a place/ Where she’s loved/ Concrete Angel. Though the melody, key, tension or dynamics help create an emotional state throughout this song, the lyrics were what made this song so emotionally powerful. â€Å"Concrete Angel† acquires its emotional meaning through the association of events that the general audience can relate too. Though the majority of the listeners will not have experienced physical abuse first hand, they can sympathize because they are aware o f the emotional, physical and mental damage violence incurs. Musicians know of the power lyrics hold. Lyrics can tell stories that make hearts melt, enlighten schools of thought never explored before, or create strong physical reactions. But lyrics that the majority of the public can relate to, sell better. This is the reason why the general themes songs have expressed have changed so dramatically over the last sixty years. The teenagers in 1950 were just starting to experience economic prosperity and free love. To listen to music completely revolving around money and sex would be crossing a line they hadn’t invented yet. And the youth in 2010 will not easily relate to ballads focused around falling in love with that one person because most are not looking for one person to love. Both the love-bound lyrics of the 1950’s and the materialistic lyrics of pop songs today accurately reflect the culture they predominate. Rhythm ‘n’ Blues Several other factors influence what makes cultural music popular. Lyrics must be in a proper combination of rhythm, harmony, key, dissonance, tension and dynamics for a song to reach it’s full potential. Even the untrained ear can distinguish feelings associated with the mode of the piece. Major, fast paced songs are associated with happy feelings while minor, slow, soft songs are correlated with sad feelings. Dissonant, unstable, tense songs often invoke feelings of fear. These feelings can all be present without powerful lyrics. Much of the world’s music is instrumental, and most of these create powerful emotion in the listener (Krumahns 48). So which musical factors specifically influenced popular music in the 1950’s and today? The drumming beats found in most rock ‘n’ roll pieces created a powerful sound teenagers revolved around. The harsh rhythms, instability of sound and rockin’ dance moves associated with rock ‘n’ roll all helped increase its popularity. Popular music today features fast paced songs with mechanical sounds in the background. Songs incorporate an inordinate amount of words per second, often leaving the listener wondering what they just heard. In the new hit single â€Å"Love Like Woe,† the listener hears, â€Å"Cause I got some intuition/ Or maybe I’m superstitious/ But I think you’re a pretty sweet pill that I’m swallowing down/ To counter this addiction/ You’ve got me on a mission/ Tell me darling, can I get a break somehow? Could I say no? ,† all in a mere ten seconds. The fast pace of songs are easily correlated with the fast pace of teenagers lives today. Teenagers are expected to excel in school, extracurriculars, athletics, music, and family life all at the same time. Pop music is branching away from traditional instruments to a more machine based background. The popular song â€Å"Like a g6† even goes as far as making the chorus voices sound computerized. Classical music appreciation has severely declined and sounds symbolizing a mechanical, over the top life, have taken control of the musical industry. The Ensemble Musical preference is very much behavioral. In the words of Simon V. Anderson, â€Å"If music educators did not believe that musical preference is socially conditioned. . . They would not work in the public classrooms at all, but rather, they would spend their time and energy in the science laboratories searching for the virus . . . that impairs musical judgment† (39). Popular music preference has much to do with the language, values and beliefs of the teenagers perspective of popular culture. Trendy music will be the music that teenagers can relate to and create for them the feelings they desire. Music choice however also reflects how the music makes one feel while listening to it. Popular songs in 1950 and 2010 reflect the culture they predominate through the general theme of lyrics and background noises. In each culture, music has been a favored form of expression and creates emotion based on what the culture wants. As even now, popular culture changes from liking bell bottoms to skinny jeans and back again, pop music changes with it to accurately reflect the culture it has been rooted upon. How to cite Rock ‘N’ Hip, Hop ‘N’ Roll, and the Integration of Music, Essay examples

Information System Essay Example

Information System Essay Describe the major ethical issues related to information technology and identify situations in which they occur. Utilitarian approach. This action provides most goods benefit or least harm. This action usually happens in corporate action. The affected parties for example customers, employees, share holder and the community. CEO choose to promote ‘go green campaign’ so that this campaign will create an awareness through the staff about the importance of environment. Rights approach. This action that is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of the affected parties. Moral rights mean the right to make one’s own choices about what kind of life to lead. Most people acknowledge that every people deserved some moral rights. Every employee has their rights to voice out all the things that they are not satisfy with the management accordingly. Fairness approach. Ethical actions that treat all human being equally or fairly based on some defensible standard. People believed that their salary should be paid to what type of work that they already done. For example, a clerk should be paid based on clerk’s salary and not with the manager’s salary. We will write a custom essay sample on Information System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Common good approach. Common good approach is interlocking relationship that underlie all societies. It emphasize the common condition that are important to the welfare of everyone. For example, system of law, health care and public educational system. Describe any four (4) threats to information security and explain any two (2) methods of defense mechanism used to protect information systems. Espionage or trespass. This thing occurs when unauthorized person attempt to gain illegal access to organizational information. It is important to distinguish between competitive intelligence and industrial espionage. Information extortion. This this occurs when an attacker seal the information from a company. The perpetrator demands payment for not stealing the information, for returning stolen information or agree to not to disclose the information to the threat. Sabotage or vandalism. Sabotage and vandalism involves defacing an organization website, possibly damaging the organization image and causing their customer to lose faith. For example, hackers. Civil law can prevent this thing happen. Threats of equipment or information. Nowadays, computing device are becoming smaller and make it easier to steal and easier for attackers to steal information. Usually, people always makes human mistakes which is careless. Dumpster diving also dangerous because they will practice rummaging through commercial or residential thrash to find information that has been throw or destroyed. They are two types of defense mechanism to protects information systems, physical controls and access controls. Physical controls can be used to prevent unauthorized individual from gaining access to a company’s facility. For example, walls, doors, fencing, pressure sensors and alarm system. This thing can be inconvenient to employee. Besides that, employers can limit the usage of computer to the staff. For example, set the computer automatically lock the user off after a certain period. Access controls restrict unauthorized individuals from using information resources. They are 2 main thing which is authentication and authorization. Authentication is to confirms identity of the person who is requiring access. Authorization is an actions, rights or privileges the person has on her verified identity. Distinguish between authentication and authorization. Authentication is permitting authorized personnel or an organization can use one or more following methods: * Something the user is ( biometrics can examines a person’s innate physical characteristic for example fingerprints, palm scans and retina scans ) * Something the user has ( authentication echanism that includes regular id card and smart card. * Something user does ( authentication includes voice and signature recognition) * Something the user knows ( password is present huge information security in all organization. Employee should use strong password which is should be difficult to guess, long rather than short and should not be a recognize words. Passphrase is series of character longer than password but still easy for a person to memorize. It can help employee o create a strong password. Authorization is something that a users have been properly authenticated, the rights and privileges they have on the organization system are established. Privilege is a collection of related computers system operation that user is authorized to perform. Explain the purpose of a disaster recovery plan and describe its categories. Disaster recovery plan is the chain of events linking planning to protection and recovery. The purpose of the disaster recovery planning is to provide guidance to people who keep the business operating after a disaster occur. Employee use this plan to prepare for, to react and recover from events that affect the security of information assets. The objective is to restore the business to normal operations as quickly as possible following attack. A hot site is a fully configured computer facility with all services, communication links and physical plan operations. A hot site computing duplicates computing resources, peripherals, telephone systems, application and workstation. Hot site reduce risk to the greatest extent but they are most expensive option. A warm site provides many of the same services and options as the hot site. However, it does not include the actual application the companies needs. A warm site include computing equipment such as servers, but it doesn’t not include user workstation. A cold site provides only rudimentary services and facilities such as building or a room with heating, air conditioning and humidity control. This type of site provides no computer hardware or user workstation. The point of a cold site is that it takes care of long lead-time issues. Building or even renting , space takes a long time. Installing high speed communication lines, often from two or more carriers, takes a long time. Installing high capacity power lines takes a long time. Cold site reduce risk the least but they are the least expensive option. Describe the relationship between IT and privacy. Privacy means right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions. Information privacy is the right to determine when and to what extent information to be gathered to others. Rapid advance in IT have made it much easier to collect, store and integrate data on individuals. Data on individuals can be used in more controversial manners. These data can be integrated to produce a digital dossier which is electronic profile of our self and our habit. The transfer data into and out of a nation without the knowledge of either the authorities involved raises a number of privacy issue. Draft out four (4) examples of policy guidelines on data confidentiality * A computer security procedures should be implemented to ensure against unauthorized disclose of data. These procedures should include physical, technical and administrative security measures. Third parties should not be given access to data without the individual knowledge or permission, accept required by law. * Disclosures of data, other than the most routine, should not be noted and maintained for, as long as he data are maintained * Data should not be disclosed for reason incompatible with the business objective for which they are collected Explain three (3) defense mechanisms used to protect informati on systems. Physical controls can prevent unauthorized individuals from gaining access o a company’s facilities. Common physical controls include walls, doors, fencing, gates and alarm system. More sophisticated physical controls include pressure sensors, temperature sensors and motion detectors. Access controls restrict unauthorized individuals from using information resources. These controls involve two major function, authentication and authorization. Authentication confirms the identity of the person requiring access. An example is biometric. After the person is identified, the next step is authorization. Authorization determines which actions, right or the privileges the person has, based on his or her verified identity. Communication network secure the movement of data across network. Communication controls consist of firewall, anti-malware system, whitelisting and blacklisting, encryption, virtual private networking (VPN), secure socket layer (SSL) and vulnerable management system. Information security is vital to counter threats to information resources. Discuss two (2)general categories of threats to information security. Software attacks. Software attacks have evolved from the early years of the computer era when attackers used malicious software to infect as many computer worldwide as possible. Modern cybercriminls use sophisticated, blended malware attacks, typically via the web to make money. Software attacks can be divided into 3 which is, remote attacks requiring user action ( worm, phishing attack, spear phishing attack), remote attacks needing no user action ( denial of service attack, distributed denial of service attack), and attacks by programmer developing a system ( Trojan horse, back door, logic bomb). Identity theft. Identity theft is the deliberate assumption of another person’s identity usually to gain access to his or her financial information or to frame that person to crime. There are a few techniques that can be used for example stealing mail or dumpster diving, stealing personal information in computer database, infiltrating organization that store large amount of personal information and impersonating a trusted organization in an electronic communication. Normally, recovering from identity theft is costly, takes time and difficult. Describe the three (3) classifications of information system auditing procedure. Auditing around the computer * Verifying processing by checking for known output using specific inputs. * Best used in system with limited input Auditing through computer Inputs, outputs and processing are checked * Auditors review program logic and test data. Auditing with the computer * Using a combination client data, auditor software and client and auditor hardware * Enables auditor to perform task such as simulating payroll programme logic using data Explain with examples four (4) general categories of threats to information security. Espi onage or trespass occurs when an unauthorized individuals attempt to gain illegal access o organizational information. It is important to distinguish between competitive intelligence and industrial espionage. Competitive intelligence consists of legal information gathering techniques such as studying company’s website and press releases, attending trade shows and so on. In contrast, industrial espionage crosses the legal boundary. Sabotage and vandalism are deliberate acts that involve defacing an organization’s website, possibly damaging the organization’s image and causing is customer to lose faith. One form of online vandalism is a hacktivist or cyberactivist operation. These are cases of high tech civil disobedience to protest the operations, protest the operations, policies or actions of an organization or government agency. Software attacks. Software attacks have evolved from the early years of the computer era when attackers used malicious software to infect as many computers worldwide as possible, to the profit-driven, web based attacks of today. Modern criminals use sophisticated, blended malware attacks, typically via the web to make money. Compromise to intellectual property. Protecting intelctual property os a vital issue for people who make their livelihood in knowledge fields. Intellectual property is the property created by individuals or corporations that is protected under trade secret, patent and copyright laws. A trade secret is an intellectual works such as business plan that is a company secret and is not based on public information. A patent is an official document that grant the holder exclusive rights on n invention or a process for a specific period of time. Copyright is a statutory grant that provide the creators or owners of intellectual property with ownership of the property, also for a designated period. Human errors represent by far the most serious threats to information security. Explain five (5) human mistakes that pose as threats to information systems. Carelessness with laptops Losing or misplacing laptops, leaving them in taxi or so on Carelessness with computing devices * Losing or misplacing these devices or using them carelessly so that malware is introduced into an organization network Carelessness internet surfing * Accessing questionable websites can result in malware and/ or alien software being introduced into the organization’s network. Carelessness with on e’s office * Unlocked desks and filing cabinets when employees go home at night, not logging off the company network when gone from the office or any extended period of time

Signode Industries, Inc

Signode Industries, Inc Recommendations Mr. Gary Reed should increase the price of Steel Strapping Consumables by 3.6% and tie the salesperson's compensation to gross margin instead of sales revenues. He should Maintain the loyalty of existing customers in National and Large segment by providing value added services like providing custom sizes, grades, tools and machines. He should also focus on stimulating further volume growth by taking actions to convert nonusers into users, to increase use frequency among current users, or to expand into untapped or underdeveloped markets.Pricing Decision Pricing decision in this case involve an inherent conflict between (1) the need to win customers and (2) the need to maintain/increase profit margins to satisfy the firm's financial need to generate as much capital as possible for further expansion. The complete analysis for arriving the pricing decision was shown in the Exhibit 1. The revenue generated by steel consumables is $133 millions. Its existing margins percen tage is 36.5.Bentley's winged "B" badge and bonnet (hood) ornam...The 6.8% increase in material cost resulted in $4.8 million burden on Signode. Signode either have to pass on this burden to customer in the form of price increase or absorb the burden by reducing its margins. Signodes past experience showed that the introduction of price increases and substitute products like plastic-strapping materials resulted in 10% drop in market share. So it is assumed that the price increases would result in 10% reduction in revenues. Gross revenues are calculated for the three options: ‚Â · Increasing price ‚Â · Keeping the price constant ‚Â · Price Flex It is evident from Exhibit 1 that "Increasing price" option provides greater gross margin compared to "Keeping the price constant" or "Price Flex" options. So Gary Reed should increase the prices to maximize the gross margins for Signode.Sales personnel Compensation Current sales personnel compensation is tied to the...

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically- but not always- bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material- some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic- there was no obstacle to be crossed- representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.